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XuanDe Mark Censers In Flowing Incense
Classical furniture 2005-1-28 http://www.cfhot.com 四川新概念青铜时代艺术品
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Thebirthofcensersrepresentstheimprovementoflifeandculture.Tomanyexperts,thediscoveryofincensewasaccidentalandhadlittlesignificanceforancienttimes.Why?Thisisbecauseordinarypeoplecouldnotevenhaveenoughfoodtofilltheirstomachs,howcouldtheyhavethetimeandhearttothinkofimprovingthequalityoflifeandcreatingacomfortableatmosphere?
So,thoughtheChinesehadstartedburningincensesindoors,censersspeciallydesignedforburningincensesdidnotappearuntiltheHanDynasty..
AmongthecensersmadeintheHanDynasty,themostfamousistheBoshanCenser.Generallyspeaking,mostBoshanCenserswerecastinbronze.Thebaseofthecenserlookslikethetrayforwineglassesusednowadays,andthecover,decoratedwithmistymountainsandvariouspreciousflowersandbeasts,hasoutletsforthearomatoflowout.Theideathatincensingcouldremovedinginessandtheformofthecenserwereinfluencedbythethenpopularthoughtsofimmortalalchemists.TheTangDynasty,whenBuddhismwasprevalentinChina,sawasharplyincreasedconsumptionofincensesandmorevarietiesofcenserforms.Atthesametime,thematerialsusedtomakecensersalsodiversifiedtoincludecopper,silver,
gold,etc.Allthecensersmadeduringthisperiodwerefinelyengravedandcaved,inanelegantandluxuriousfashion.IntheSongDynasty,whenincenseswerewidelyusedandtheporcelain-makingtechnologieshadgainedaleapforward,lotsofuniqueporcelaincenserswithdifferentstylesweremadeatdifferentkilnsindifferentplaces.Mostoftheseporcelaincensersimitatedtheformsofbronzewares,suchasDing(tripod),Yi(sacrificialvessel),Gui(around-mouthedfoodvesselwithtwoorfourloopears),etc.Ofcourse,afewporcelaincensersproducedduringthatperiodhadsomeimprovedcharacteristics.However,limitedbytheporcelainmakingprocessesandtechniques,somedelicateandsophisticatedpatternscouldnotbepreciselyembossedonporcelaincensers,so,toavoiddistortionofpatternsduringthefiringprocess,designersshowednomercyinsimplifyingthesurfacepatterns,thuscreatingapeerlessbeautyofsimplicity,whichcouldnotbeconveyedbythoseintentionallycarvedsophisticatedcensers.ThebeautyofabstractlinesiswheretheconceptofaestheticsoftheSongDynastyhadthemostfar-reachinginfluenceontheagesthatfollowed.AndXuanDeCensershaveinheritedthelegacyofthisaestheticalspirit,whichgivesitanunshakableplaceinthehistoryofChineseart.
ThebeautyofsimplicityofporcelaincensersoftheSongDynastyandthecheappricesduetomassproductionarethemainreasonswhyporcelaincenserswerewidelyusedatthattime.However,porcelaincensershaveafataldefect,i.e.theycannotstandhightemperatureandarefragile.Thisistheshacklethatmakesitimpossibleforporcelaincenserstoreplacecoppercensers,letalonemonopolizethemarkets.So,evenduringtheperiodcoveringtheSongDynastyandtheYuanDynastywhenporcelaincenserswereprevalent,therewerestillstrongdemandsforcoppercensers.But,becauseatthattimecoppercensersweremadeofbronze,theywouldrustaftersometime,resultinginlossoftheoriginalglossofcensersurfaces.ThisproblemhascompletelydisappearedeversincetheappearanceofXuanDeCensers.DuanDeCenserswerethefirstcopperwarescastinbrassinthehistoryofChina.Brassisacopper-zincalloy.Thiskindofalloycanproduceagold-likeblaze.ThisisveryappealingtotheChinesewhohavethepropensityforgold.Andatthattimenotechnologywasavailableforrefiningorcastingcopperalloys.SoitwasnotuntiltheyreceivedthenaturalbrassoretributesfromThailandthattheChineserealizedthecharmsofbrassforthefirsttime.EmperorXuanDecherishedthebrassoresanddecidedtousethemtocasttheDingandYiforsacrificesinhisancestraltemples,andburnersfordailyuseintheroyalpalace.Thatmightbeanhonorthatmatchedthestatusofthisaleintreasure..
AccordingtothechronicleofXuanDeCensers,EmperorXuanDesupervisedthewholemakingprocessofXuanDeCensers,includingtherefiningofcopperoresandselectionofforms.Generallyspeaking,copperoresneedtoberefinedfourtosixtimes,butthecopperoresforXuanDeCenserswererefinedasmanyastwelvetimes.Fortheshapes(forms)ofcensers,theywerecarefullyselectedfromancientbooks,suchasXuanHeCollectionofAncientPaintings,AncientPaintings,etc.andfromhundredsofcensersmadebyfamouskilnsduringperiodoftheSongDynastyandtheYuanDynasty.Theselectedforms,whichwereelegantandsuitableforintendedusers,weretranslatedintosamplepaintingsand,togetherwiththeexplanationsforthesourcesandrelatedstoriesthereof,weresubmittedtotheemperor.Onlythechosensamplepaintingsweretranslatedintophysicalsamplesforapprovalbytheemperorbeforecastingwasinitiated..
Theeffortonthepartoftheemperor,combinedwiththehardworkonthepartofministersandcraftsmen,contributedtothetopqualityofcopperandtheelegantbeautyofformsofXuanDeCensers.Furthermore,bestuseofthelosing-waxmethodofcastingwasmadeduringtheproductionofXuanDeCensers.So,thebirthofXuanDeCensers,whichfeaturedfineclearcopperbones,pureflowingshapesandsoftdelicatefeel,deliveredagreatshocktothethendiminishingbronzecraftsandgaverisetoatideofimitation.NowXuanDeCensershavebecomethepronounsofcoppercensersandrefernotonlytothecenserscastduringthereignofEmperorXuanDe,butalsotoanycastcensershavingthesamecharacteristicsasthosecastduringEmperorXuanDe'sreign.Allofthesecoppercenserswerecastinrust-resistantbrassusingthelosing-waxmethod,sothecenserbodiesareverysmooth.Inaddition,dyeingwasdoneaccordingtothestylesshowninthechronicleofXuanDeCensers.Theseelaboratelymadecenserscangiveyouanaestheticfeelingoflastingantiquenessandnewness.
AmongthecensersmadeintheHanDynasty,themostfamousistheBoshanCenser.Generallyspeaking,mostBoshanCenserswerecastinbronze.Thebaseofthecenserlookslikethetrayforwineglassesusednowadays,andthecover,decoratedwithmistymountainsandvariouspreciousflowersandbeasts,hasoutletsforthearomatoflowout.Theideathatincensingcouldremovedinginessandtheformofthecenserwereinfluencedbythethenpopularthoughtsofimmortalalchemists.TheTangDynasty,whenBuddhismwasprevalentinChina,sawasharplyincreasedconsumptionofincensesandmorevarietiesofcenserforms.Atthesametime,thematerialsusedtomakecensersalsodiversifiedtoincludecopper,silver,
gold,etc.Allthecensersmadeduringthisperiodwerefinelyengravedandcaved,inanelegantandluxuriousfashion.IntheSongDynasty,whenincenseswerewidelyusedandtheporcelain-makingtechnologieshadgainedaleapforward,lotsofuniqueporcelaincenserswithdifferentstylesweremadeatdifferentkilnsindifferentplaces.Mostoftheseporcelaincensersimitatedtheformsofbronzewares,suchasDing(tripod),Yi(sacrificialvessel),Gui(around-mouthedfoodvesselwithtwoorfourloopears),etc.Ofcourse,afewporcelaincensersproducedduringthatperiodhadsomeimprovedcharacteristics.However,limitedbytheporcelainmakingprocessesandtechniques,somedelicateandsophisticatedpatternscouldnotbepreciselyembossedonporcelaincensers,so,toavoiddistortionofpatternsduringthefiringprocess,designersshowednomercyinsimplifyingthesurfacepatterns,thuscreatingapeerlessbeautyofsimplicity,whichcouldnotbeconveyedbythoseintentionallycarvedsophisticatedcensers.ThebeautyofabstractlinesiswheretheconceptofaestheticsoftheSongDynastyhadthemostfar-reachinginfluenceontheagesthatfollowed.AndXuanDeCensershaveinheritedthelegacyofthisaestheticalspirit,whichgivesitanunshakableplaceinthehistoryofChineseart.
ThebeautyofsimplicityofporcelaincensersoftheSongDynastyandthecheappricesduetomassproductionarethemainreasonswhyporcelaincenserswerewidelyusedatthattime.However,porcelaincensershaveafataldefect,i.e.theycannotstandhightemperatureandarefragile.Thisistheshacklethatmakesitimpossibleforporcelaincenserstoreplacecoppercensers,letalonemonopolizethemarkets.So,evenduringtheperiodcoveringtheSongDynastyandtheYuanDynastywhenporcelaincenserswereprevalent,therewerestillstrongdemandsforcoppercensers.But,becauseatthattimecoppercensersweremadeofbronze,theywouldrustaftersometime,resultinginlossoftheoriginalglossofcensersurfaces.ThisproblemhascompletelydisappearedeversincetheappearanceofXuanDeCensers.DuanDeCenserswerethefirstcopperwarescastinbrassinthehistoryofChina.Brassisacopper-zincalloy.Thiskindofalloycanproduceagold-likeblaze.ThisisveryappealingtotheChinesewhohavethepropensityforgold.Andatthattimenotechnologywasavailableforrefiningorcastingcopperalloys.SoitwasnotuntiltheyreceivedthenaturalbrassoretributesfromThailandthattheChineserealizedthecharmsofbrassforthefirsttime.EmperorXuanDecherishedthebrassoresanddecidedtousethemtocasttheDingandYiforsacrificesinhisancestraltemples,andburnersfordailyuseintheroyalpalace.Thatmightbeanhonorthatmatchedthestatusofthisaleintreasure..
AccordingtothechronicleofXuanDeCensers,EmperorXuanDesupervisedthewholemakingprocessofXuanDeCensers,includingtherefiningofcopperoresandselectionofforms.Generallyspeaking,copperoresneedtoberefinedfourtosixtimes,butthecopperoresforXuanDeCenserswererefinedasmanyastwelvetimes.Fortheshapes(forms)ofcensers,theywerecarefullyselectedfromancientbooks,suchasXuanHeCollectionofAncientPaintings,AncientPaintings,etc.andfromhundredsofcensersmadebyfamouskilnsduringperiodoftheSongDynastyandtheYuanDynasty.Theselectedforms,whichwereelegantandsuitableforintendedusers,weretranslatedintosamplepaintingsand,togetherwiththeexplanationsforthesourcesandrelatedstoriesthereof,weresubmittedtotheemperor.Onlythechosensamplepaintingsweretranslatedintophysicalsamplesforapprovalbytheemperorbeforecastingwasinitiated..
Theeffortonthepartoftheemperor,combinedwiththehardworkonthepartofministersandcraftsmen,contributedtothetopqualityofcopperandtheelegantbeautyofformsofXuanDeCensers.Furthermore,bestuseofthelosing-waxmethodofcastingwasmadeduringtheproductionofXuanDeCensers.So,thebirthofXuanDeCensers,whichfeaturedfineclearcopperbones,pureflowingshapesandsoftdelicatefeel,deliveredagreatshocktothethendiminishingbronzecraftsandgaverisetoatideofimitation.NowXuanDeCensershavebecomethepronounsofcoppercensersandrefernotonlytothecenserscastduringthereignofEmperorXuanDe,butalsotoanycastcensershavingthesamecharacteristicsasthosecastduringEmperorXuanDe'sreign.Allofthesecoppercenserswerecastinrust-resistantbrassusingthelosing-waxmethod,sothecenserbodiesareverysmooth.Inaddition,dyeingwasdoneaccordingtothestylesshowninthechronicleofXuanDeCensers.Theseelaboratelymadecenserscangiveyouanaestheticfeelingoflastingantiquenessandnewness.
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